Small Signal Field Effect Transistors (FET)

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Polarity or Channel Type Configuration Surface Mount Nominal Transition Frequency (fT) Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs) Maximum Collector Current (IC) Package Body Material Transistor Application Maximum Rise Time (tr) Maximum VCEsat Minimum DS Breakdown Voltage Terminal Form Package Shape Operating Mode No. of Elements Maximum Pulsed Drain Current (IDM) Avalanche Energy Rating (EAS) Maximum Fall Time (tf) Maximum Drain Current (Abs) (ID) No. of Terminals Package Style (Meter) Sub-Category Field Effect Transistor Technology Maximum Power Dissipation Ambient Minimum DC Current Gain (hFE) Maximum Operating Temperature Maximum Collector-Base Capacitance Transistor Element Material Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage Maximum Turn On Time (ton) Minimum Operating Temperature Maximum Turn Off Time (toff) Terminal Finish Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance Maximum Drain Current (ID) Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Case Connection Qualification Additional Features JEDEC-95 Code JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Maximum Feedback Capacitance (Crss) Reference Standard

NVTJD4001NT1G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE AND RESISTOR

YES

.272 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

.25 A

6

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

2.5 ohm

.25 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

e3

30

260

12 pF

AEC-Q101

PMCXB900UEL

NXP Semiconductors

N-CHANNEL AND P-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

6

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

TIN

.62 ohm

.6 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-N6

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

IEC-60134

PMZ950UPEYL

Nexperia

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CHIP CARRIER

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

TIN

1.4 ohm

.5 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

IEC-60134

RK7002BMHZGT116

ROHM

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.35 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

TIN

3.2 ohm

.25 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

e3

10

260

2 pF

AEC-Q101

RQ6L035ATTCR

ROHM

TIN SILVER COPPER

1

e1

10

260

SI3473CDV-T1-E3

Vishay Intertechnology

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

4.2 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

12 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

8 A

6

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn)

.022 ohm

8 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

Not Qualified

e3

40

260

520 pF

SI3483DDV-T1-BE3

Vishay Intertechnology

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

3 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

6

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

TIN

.0312 ohm

8 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

MO-193AA

e3

30

260

35 pF

SI3483DDV-T1-GE3

Vishay Intertechnology

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

3 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

6

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

.0312 ohm

8 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

MO-193AA

35 pF

SI4434DY-T1-E3

Vishay Intertechnology

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

3.1 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

250 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.1 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

Matte Tin (Sn)

.155 ohm

2.1 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

MS-012AA

e3

30

260

STL20NM20N

STMicroelectronics

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

80 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

200 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

20 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.105 ohm

20 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-N8

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

12 pF

TN0106N3-GP003

Supertex

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

ROUND

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CYLINDRICAL

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

3 ohm

.35 A

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-T3

TO-92

8 pF

TN0106N3-G-P003

Microchip Technology

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

1 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

ROUND

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CYLINDRICAL

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

1 W

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

3 ohm

.35 A

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-T3

TO-92

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8 pF

TSM250N02DCQRFG

Taiwan Semiconductor

N-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

6

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

-55 Cel

.025 ohm

5.8 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-N6

3

DRAIN

30

260

50 pF

VN0109N3-G

Microchip Technology

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

1 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

90 V

THROUGH-HOLE

ROUND

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CYLINDRICAL

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

3 ohm

.35 A

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-T3

LOW THRESHOLD

TO-92

e3

8 pF

VP0109N3-G

Microchip Technology

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

1 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

90 V

THROUGH-HOLE

ROUND

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.25 A

3

CYLINDRICAL

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

8 ohm

.25 A

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-T3

Not Qualified

HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE

TO-92

e3

8 pF

ZXMN3A06DN8TC

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

2.1 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

6.2 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.035 ohm

4.9 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

Not Qualified

e3

2N7002ET3G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.3 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.26 A

3

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

TIN

2.5 ohm

.26 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

Not Qualified

TO-236AB

e3

30

260

2N7002K_R2_00001

Panjit International

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.35 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.3 A

3

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

TIN

3 ohm

.3 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

ULTRA LOW RESISTANCE

e3

40

260

5 pF

458

Nte Electronics

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

PLASTIC/EPOXY

WIRE

ROUND

DEPLETION MODE

1

3

CYLINDRICAL

JUNCTION

SILICON

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-W3

Not Qualified

LOW NOISE

TO-92

BSH202

NXP Semiconductors

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.417 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.52 A

3

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

Tin (Sn)

.9 ohm

.52 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

e3

30

260

BSS84AKM

NXP Semiconductors

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CHIP CARRIER

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

TIN

8.5 ohm

.23 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

e3

BSS84AKT

NXP Semiconductors

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

PURE TIN

8.5 ohm

.15 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

BSS84AKV

NXP Semiconductors

P-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

6

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

PURE TIN

8.5 ohm

.17 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F6

1

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

BSS84W_R1_00001

Panjit International

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

DMG1023UV-7

Diodes Incorporated

P-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.53 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

1.03 A

6

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.75 ohm

1.03 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F6

1

Not Qualified

ESD PROTECTION, HIGH RELIABILITY, LOW THRESHOLD

e3

30

260

DMN10H120SFG-7

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

2.4 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

NO LEAD

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

.11 ohm

3.8 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-N5

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

19 pF

DMN2005LP4K-7B

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.4 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.3 A

3

CHIP CARRIER

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

3.5 ohm

.3 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

HIGH RELIABILITY

e4

30

260

AEC-Q101

DMN2400UFB4-7

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.47 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.75 A

3

CHIP CARRIER

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

.55 ohm

.75 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

e4

30

260

4.2 pF

DMN2450UFB4-7R

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.9 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CHIP CARRIER

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

.4 ohm

1 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

e4

260

7.3 pF

DMN33D8LDW-7

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

6

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

MATTE TIN

3 ohm

.25 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

HIGH RELIABILITY

e3

30

260

AEC-Q101

DMN4026SK3-13

Diodes Incorporated

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

40 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.024 ohm

28 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

DRAIN

TO-252

e3

260

DMN601DWKQ-7

Diodes Incorporated

MATTE TIN

1

e3

260

DMT6012LFV-13

Diodes Incorporated

MATTE TIN

1

e3

260

DMT6012LFV-7

Diodes Incorporated

MATTE TIN

1

e3

260

DN3545N3-G

Microchip Technology

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

.74 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

450 V

THROUGH-HOLE

ROUND

DEPLETION MODE

1

3

CYLINDRICAL

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

20 ohm

.136 A

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-T3

Not Qualified

HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE

TO-92

e3

15 pF

FDG327NZ

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.38 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

1.5 A

6

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.09 ohm

1.5 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

FDMS7620S

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SERIES, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

2.5 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

22 A

6

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD SILVER

.0101 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-N6

1

DRAIN SOURCE

e4

30

260

31 pF

FQT13N06L

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

2.1 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

4

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

.14 ohm

2.8 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G4

DRAIN

TO-261AA

23 pF

IPN50R650CEATMA1

Infineon Technologies

TIN

1

e3

IPN60R600P7SATMA1

Infineon Technologies

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

600 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

-40 Cel

TIN

.6 ohm

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

DRAIN

e3

LSK389-B-SOIC-8

Linear Integrated Systems

N-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

DEPLETION MODE

2

8

SMALL OUTLINE

JUNCTION

135 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

Not Qualified

e3

NTJD1155LT1

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL AND P-CHANNEL

COMPLEX

YES

.4 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

8 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

1.3 A

6

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

.175 ohm

1.3 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

Not Qualified

e0

235

NTMS5P02R2G

Onsemi

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.38 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.75 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.033 ohm

3.95 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

Not Qualified

AVALANCHE RATED

e3

30

260

380 pF

PMV50XPR

Nexperia

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

TIN

.06 ohm

3.6 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

TO-236AB

e3

30

260

IEC-60134

PMZB150UNEYL

Nexperia

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CHIP CARRIER

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

TIN

.2 ohm

1.5 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

IEC-60134

PMZB600UNEYL

Nexperia

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

20 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

CHIP CARRIER

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

TIN

.62 ohm

.6 A

BOTTOM

R-PBCC-N3

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

IEC-60134

PN4091

National Semiconductor

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

.36 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

THROUGH-HOLE

ROUND

DEPLETION MODE

1

3

CYLINDRICAL

Other Transistors

JUNCTION

SILICON

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

30 ohm

BOTTOM

O-PBCY-T3

Not Qualified

TO-92

e0

5 pF

RK7002

ROHM

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

.225 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

.115 A

3

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

TIN SILVER COPPER

7.5 ohm

.115 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

Not Qualified

e1

10

260

5 pF

Small Signal Field Effect Transistors (FET)

Small Signal Field Effect Transistors (FET) are electronic devices used in low-power applications to amplify and switch small signals. They are commonly used in applications such as audio amplifiers, signal processing, and low-power digital circuits.

Small Signal FETs are designed to handle low-power levels and operate at low to medium frequencies, typically in the range of a few Hz to several MHz. They have a high gain and low noise figure, making them suitable for small signal amplification.

The Small Signal FET consists of a gate, source, and drain electrode, and works by controlling the flow of majority charge carriers (electrons or holes) between the source and drain regions through the gate electrode. When a voltage is applied to the gate electrode, it creates an electric field that modifies the conductivity of the channel, allowing current to flow between the source and drain.

Proper use of Small Signal FETs is important to ensure optimal performance, reliability, and compatibility with other components in the circuit. Small Signal FETs are often used in conjunction with other components, such as capacitors and resistors, to form complete low-power electronic circuits.