Military Digital-to-Analog Converters 1,864

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Converter Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Maximum Analog Output Voltage No. of Analog In Channels Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Analog Input Voltage Sample Rate No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Bits Maximum Settling Time Maximum Supply Current Maximum Linearity Error (EL) Input Format Nominal Supply Voltage Output Bit Code Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Nominal Settling Time (tstl) Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Analog Input Voltage Output Format Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Sample and Hold/Track and Hold Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Minimum Analog Output Voltage Length Input Bit Code

AD9712BTQ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

Bipolar

12

183 mA

0.0427 %

Parallel, Word

-5.2 V

-5.2 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Other Converters

27 ns

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T28

0.225 in (5.72 mm)

0.6 in (15.24 mm)

No

e0

Binary

AD7542SD/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

No

1

CMOS

12

2 µs

2.5 mA

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

In-Line

2 µs

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDIP-T16

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.75 in (19.05 mm)

Binary, Offset Binary

AD768AF/QMLR

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Flat

28

QFF

Rectangular

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

16

0.0137 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

-5 V

Flatpack

35 ns

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDFP-F28

Binary

5962R0820102VZA

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Flat

28

DFP

Rectangular

100K Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

16

40 mA

0.0183 %

Parallel

5 V

-5 V

Flatpack

35 ns

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDFP-F28

Yes

e0

Binary

MAX513MJD

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

3.6 V

No

1

CMOS

8

0.5859 %

Serial

3 V

3/3.3 V

0 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Other Converters

70 µs

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDIP-T14

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

20 s

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

Binary

MAX532BMJE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

2

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Serial

15 V

-15 V

In-Line

2.5 µs

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

Binary

MX7226TQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

4

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

4 µs

13 mA

0.39 %

12/15, GND/-5 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T20

No

e0

Binary

MAX501MJG

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

10 V

No

1

12

Parallel, Word

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T24

0.23 in (5.842 mm)

0.6 in (15.24 mm)

No

e0

-10 V

1.25 in (31.75 mm)

Binary

MX7537UE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7549SE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

3 mA

0.0244 %

Parallel, 4 Bits

15 V

15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

MX7225UQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

4

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

4 µs

12 mA

0.2 %

12/15, GND/-5 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

No

e0

Binary

MX7545SD

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

CMOS

12

2 µs

2 mA

0.0488 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

5/15 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T20

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7547TQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

2

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

12

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

In-Line

80 ns

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T24

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

AM6012DM

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

Bipolar

12

15 V

±15 V

-15 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T20

e0

Binary, Complementary Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary, 1's Complement Binary, Modified 1's Complement Binary

5962-8780201RC

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

4

CMOS

8

0.3906 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

15 V

-5 V

In-Line

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

Dual

R-GDIP-T20

No

e4

Binary

MX7548SQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1 µs

3 mA

0.024 %

5/15 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T20

No

e0

Binary

MX7547TE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7543TQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

2 µs

2.5 mA

0.012 %

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP16,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T16

No

e0

Binary

MX767SD

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

Bipolar

12

4 µs

12 mA

0.02 %

±12/±15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MX7628KTQ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

2

CMOS

8

0.1953 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T20

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

Binary

AD565ATQ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

Bipolar

12

250 ns

23 mA

0.012 %

15 V

±15 V

-15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.6

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

5962-8770101RC

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

2

CMOS

8

0.3906 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

In-Line

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

Dual

R-GDIP-T20

No

e4

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7545TQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

2 µs

2 mA

0.024 %

5/15 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T20

No

e0

Binary

MX7547SE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MAX7533UQ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

CMOS

10

0.05 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

Offset Binary

MX7545GUQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

2 µs

2 mA

0.012 %

5/15 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T20

No

e0

Binary

MX7524SQ/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

8

0.1953 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MX7537UE/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1.5 µs

2 mA

0.012 %

12/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N28

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX500BMJE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

4

CMOS

8

0.3906 %

Serial

-5 V

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

1

0.23 in (5.842 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

Binary

MAX500AMJE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

4

CMOS

8

0.1953 %

Serial

-5 V

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

1

0.23 in (5.842 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

Binary

MX7537UQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

2

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1.5 µs

2 mA

0.012 %

12/15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MX7226TE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

4

CMOS

8

4 µs

13 mA

0.3906 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

15 V

12/15, GND/-5 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

e0

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

5962-8770103RC

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

2

CMOS

8

0.3906 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

In-Line

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

Dual

R-GDIP-T20

No

e4

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7549TE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

3 mA

0.0122 %

Parallel, 4 Bits

15 V

15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

MX7541SQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

18

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1 µs

2 mA

0.024 %

15 V

15 V

In-Line

DIP18,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T18

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

5962-8770001EC

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

No

1

CMOS

8

1.9531 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

In-Line

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

Dual

R-CDIP-T16

No

e4

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX502MJG

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

10 V

No

1

12

Parallel, Word

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T24

0.23 in (5.842 mm)

0.6 in (15.24 mm)

No

e0

-10 V

1.25 in (31.75 mm)

Binary

MX7541ATQ/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

18

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

2 mA

0.012 %

15 V

15 V

In-Line

DIP18,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T18

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX7533TD

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

CMOS

10

0.1 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

Offset Binary

5962-89657013C

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7543GTD

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

No

1

CMOS

12

2 µs

2.5 mA

0.0122 %

Serial

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP16,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDIP-T16

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX500AMLP

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

J Bend

20

QCCJ

Square

10 V

Yes

1

CMOS

8

4.5 µs

22 mA

0.1953 %

Serial

15 V

11.4/16.5,GND/-5 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

2.5 µs

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold Over Nickel

Quad

S-XQCC-J20

1

0.18 in (4.57 mm)

0.353 in (8.965 mm)

No

e4

20 s

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.353 in (8.965 mm)

Binary

MX7524TD-T

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

No

1

CMOS

8

0.1953 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDIP-T16

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MX7537SE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

5962-8770002EC

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

CMOS

8

1.9531 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

In-Line

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

No

e4

Binary, Offset Binary

MX7545ATQ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

1

CMOS

12

1 µs

2 mA

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

5/15 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Other Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T20

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

1.03 in (26.16 mm)

Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7547UE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MAX526MRG/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

No

4

CMOS

12

Parallel, Word

In-Line

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T24

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

1.25 in (31.75 mm)

Binary

Digital-to-Analog Converters

Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are electronic devices that convert digital signals into analog signals with a specific voltage or current output. They play a critical role in many electronic systems, converting digital data into analog signals that can be used to control actuators, motors, and other devices.

DACs work by sampling the digital signal at regular intervals and converting each sample into an analog signal with a specific voltage or current output. The accuracy and resolution of the DAC determine the quality of the analog signal, with higher resolution and accuracy leading to a more precise output signal.

DACs can be classified based on their architecture and their application. The most common types of DACs are binary-weighted DACs, R-2R ladder DACs, and sigma-delta DACs. Each type has its advantages and limitations, depending on the application and the required performance.

DACs are used in a wide range of applications, from audio equipment and video systems, to industrial automation, medical devices, and scientific instruments. They play a crucial role in the conversion of digital data into analog signals, allowing the control and manipulation of physical systems based on digital signals.