50 W Power Field Effect Transistors (FET) 808

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Polarity or Channel Type Configuration Surface Mount Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs) Maximum Collector Current (IC) Package Body Material Transistor Application Maximum Rise Time (tr) Maximum VCEsat Minimum DS Breakdown Voltage Terminal Form Package Shape Operating Mode No. of Elements Highest Frequency Band Maximum Pulsed Drain Current (IDM) Avalanche Energy Rating (EAS) Maximum Fall Time (tf) Maximum Drain Current (Abs) (ID) Nominal Turn Off Time (toff) No. of Terminals Package Style (Meter) Sub-Category Field Effect Transistor Technology Maximum Power Dissipation Ambient Minimum DC Current Gain (hFE) Maximum Operating Temperature Transistor Element Material Maximum Turn On Time (ton) Minimum Operating Temperature Maximum Turn Off Time (toff) Maximum Gate-Emitter Threshold Voltage Terminal Finish Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance Maximum Drain Current (ID) Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Case Connection Qualification Additional Features JEDEC-95 Code JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Nominal Turn On Time (ton) Maximum Feedback Capacitance (Crss) Reference Standard

FQU2N90TU-AM002

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

1

1.7 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

MATTE TIN

1.7 A

e3

ATP207-TL-H

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

1

65 A

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

TIN BISMUTH

65 A

1

e6

NVD4810NT4G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

120 A

98 mJ

54 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.0157 ohm

9 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

AEC-Q101

2SK3820(SMP)

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

26 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

26 A

2SK3816(SMP)

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

40 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

40 A

FDMD85100

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SERIES CONNECTED, CENTER TAP, 2 ELEMENTS

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

NO LEAD

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

261 A

294 mJ

48 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

35 ns

-55 Cel

40 ns

MATTE TIN

.0099 ohm

48 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-N8

1

DRAIN SOURCE

MO-240AA

e3

30

260

23 pF

NTTFS5C460NLTAG

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

321 A

104 mJ

74 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0076 ohm

19 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-F8

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

2SK3816-DL-E

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

40 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)

40 A

1

e6

2SK3820(SMP-FD)

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

26 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

26 A

MTD5N25ET4

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

250 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

15 A

84 mJ

5 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

TIN LEAD

1 ohm

5 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

Not Qualified

e0

NVMYS4D6N04CLTWG

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

520 A

107 mJ

78 A

4

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

.0072 ohm

78 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G4

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

AEC-Q101

NVMFS5C460NLWFT1G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

396 A

107 mJ

78 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0072 ohm

78 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

AEC-Q101

FQU2N90TU-WS

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

1

1.7 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

MATTE TIN

1.7 A

e3

FDMC3020DC

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

NO LEAD

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

100 A

60 mJ

40 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.00625 ohm

17 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-N5

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

MO-240BA

e3

30

260

2SK3820-DL-1E

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

1

26 A

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

TIN

26 A

1

e3

FDD8780

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

25 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

224 A

73 mJ

60 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.012 ohm

35 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

AVALANCHE RATED

TO-252AA

e3

30

260

MTP2N20

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

2 A

e0

NTD4860NT4G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

25 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

130 A

84.5 mJ

65 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.0111 ohm

10.4 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

FQPF10N60CT

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

600 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

38 A

700 mJ

9.5 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.73 ohm

9.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

FAST SWITCHING

TO-220AB

e3

NTMFS5C460NLT3G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

520 A

107 mJ

78 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0072 ohm

78 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

IRF720

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3.3 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

TIN LEAD

3.3 A

e0

30

235

NTD4860N-1G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

25 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

130 A

84.5 mJ

65 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

TIN

.0111 ohm

10.4 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

e3

FDD850N10L

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

63 A

41 mJ

15.7 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.096 ohm

15.7 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

TO-252AA

e3

30

260

IRF820

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.5 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

TIN LEAD

2.5 A

e0

235

FDMS0308AS

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

100 A

66 mJ

49 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0028 ohm

24 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

MO-240AA

e3

30

260

2SK3820-E

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

104 A

84.5 mJ

26 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

1.65 W

150 Cel

SILICON

Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)

.08 ohm

26 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

e6

110 pF

2SK3747

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

4 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

Tin/Copper/Silver/Nickel (Sn/Cu/Ag/Ni)

4 A

FDMS86381-F085

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

80 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

11.5 mJ

30 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

23 ns

-55 Cel

28 ns

MATTE TIN

.022 ohm

30 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

7 pF

AEC-Q101

MTP2N60E

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

600 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

9 A

190 mJ

2 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Powers

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

TIN LEAD

3.8 ohm

2 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

DRAIN

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

e0

235

2SK3254

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

10 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

10 A

NVTFWS005N04CTAG

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

297 A

103 mJ

17 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

.0056 ohm

17 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-F8

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

AEC-Q101

NTMFD5C462NLT1G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

40 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

311 A

174 mJ

84 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

4.7 ohm

18 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F8

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

2SK3820-DL-E

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

104 A

84.5 mJ

26 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

1.65 W

150 Cel

SILICON

Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)

.08 ohm

26 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

1

e6

110 pF

FQPF19N20

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

200 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

48 A

250 mJ

11.8 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

MATTE TIN

.15 ohm

11.8 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

e3

FDMS8680

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

100 A

216 mJ

63 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.007 ohm

14 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

FDMS8025S

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

100 A

66 mJ

49 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0028 ohm

24 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

MO-240AA

e3

30

260

FDMC035N10X1

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

NO LEAD

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

130 A

181 mJ

5.5 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

34 ns

-55 Cel

115 ns

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.037 ohm

5.5 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-N5

1

DRAIN

MO-240BA

e3

30

260

NVMYS5D3N04CTWG

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

352 A

1667 mJ

71 A

4

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

.0053 ohm

71 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G4

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

AEC-Q101

2SK3816(SMP-FD)

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

40 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

40 A

NVTFS5C460NLTAG

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

321 A

104 mJ

74 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

.0076 ohm

74 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-F8

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

AEC-Q101

NTTFS008P03P8ZTWG

Onsemi

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

NO LEAD

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

418 A

22 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

.0038 ohm

22 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-N5

DRAIN

MO-240BA

1890 pF

2SK2636

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

7 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

7 A

NVMFS5C460NLT3G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

396 A

107 mJ

78 A

5

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0072 ohm

78 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F5

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

AEC-Q101

FDMC8010DC

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

30 V

NO LEAD

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

788 A

337 mJ

157 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

40 ns

-55 Cel

74 ns

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.00128 ohm

157 A

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

DRAIN

MO-240BA

e3

30

260

205 pF

NTTFS005N04CTAG

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

SQUARE

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

297 A

103 mJ

17 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0056 ohm

17 A

SINGLE

S-PDSO-F8

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

22 pF

NVMFD5C462NWFT1G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

40 V

FLAT

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

2

298 A

146 mJ

70 A

8

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

-55 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

.0054 ohm

17.6 A

DUAL

R-PDSO-F8

1

DRAIN

e3

30

260

AEC-Q101

NTD4860N-35G

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

25 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

130 A

84.5 mJ

65 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

TIN

.0111 ohm

10.4 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

1

DRAIN

Not Qualified

e3

2SK3820-FD5-E

Onsemi

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

104 A

84.5 mJ

26 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

1.65 W

150 Cel

SILICON

Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)

.08 ohm

26 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

1

e6

110 pF

Power Field Effect Transistors (FET)

Power Field Effect Transistors (FET) are electronic devices used in power electronics to control and switch high current and voltage levels. They are commonly used in applications such as motor drives, power supplies, and switching regulators.

The Power FET is a three-terminal device that works by controlling the flow of majority charge carriers (electrons or holes) between the source and drain regions through a gate electrode. The gate electrode is insulated from the channel region by a thin oxide layer, which can be controlled by applying a voltage to the gate terminal. When a voltage is applied to the gate electrode, it creates an electric field that modifies the conductivity of the channel, allowing current to flow between the source and drain.

Power FETs are designed to handle high current and voltage levels, and have a low on-resistance and high switching speed. They are typically used in applications that require efficient and precise control of power, such as motor drives and power supplies.

Power FETs are available in various types and configurations, including N-channel and P-channel FETs, and can handle power levels ranging from a few watts to several kilowatts. They are subject to various standards and regulations, such as UL (Underwriters Laboratories) and CE (Conformité Européenne), to ensure their safety and performance.