STMicroelectronics Other Function Memory ICs 2,067

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Memory IC Type Temperature Grade No. of Terminals Package Code Refresh Cycles Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Access Mode Surface Mount No. of Functions Technology Screening Level Terminal Form Parallel or Serial Operating Mode Sector Size (Words) Maximum Supply Current No. of Words Sequential Burst Length Self Refresh Input/Output Type Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Mixed Memory Type Toggle Bit Power Supplies (V) Memory Width Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Minimum Data Retention Time Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Reverse Pinout Output Characteristics Organization No. of Words Code Minimum Standby Voltage Minimum Operating Temperature No. of Sectors/Size Command User Interface Terminal Finish I2C Control Byte Terminal Position No. of Ports Write Protection JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Endurance Maximum Clock Frequency (fCLK) Width Qualification Serial Bus Type Boot Block Memory Density Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Additional Features Page Size (words) JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Type Maximum Standby Current Interleaved Burst Length Length Common Flash Interface Maximum Access Time Programming Voltage (V) Data Polling

NAND256W3M4AZB5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL EXTENDED

149

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

16777216 words

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

16MX16

16M

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

3.6 V

1.2 mm

10 mm

Not Qualified

268435456 bit

2.5 V

LPSDRAM IS ORGANISED AS 16M X 16

40

260

13.5 mm

M36LLR8860T1ZAQT

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

88

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

SYNCHRONOUS

52 mA

16777216 words

1.8

FLASH+PSRAM

1.8

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA88,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

16MX16

16M

-25 Cel

TIN LEAD

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B88

1.95 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

268435456 bit

1.7 V

PSRAM ALSO ORGANIZED AS 4M X 16

e0

.00011 Amp

10 mm

SRIX4K-SBN18/XXX

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL EXTENDED

DIE

UNSPECIFIED

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

CMOS

NO LEAD

ASYNCHRONOUS

128 words

3

32

UNCASED CHIP

85 Cel

128X32

128

-20 Cel

UPPER

X-XUUC-N

3.5 V

Not Qualified

4096 bit

2.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

TS71290CP

STMicroelectronics

NAND512W3M2BZC5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL EXTENDED

137

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

33554432 words

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

8

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA137,10X15,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

32MX8

32M

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B137

3.6 V

1.4 mm

10.5 mm

Not Qualified

268435456 bit

2.5 V

LPSDRAM IS ORGANISED AS 16M X 32

40

260

13 mm

NAND256R4M4AZB5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

1.8

FLASH+SDRAM

1.8

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

M46Z256Y-85PL1

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

CMOS

THROUGH-HOLE

200 mA

262144 words

5

5

16

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

SRAMs

2.54 mm

70 Cel

256KX16

256K

0 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

4194304 bit

e0

.005 Amp

85 ns

M76DW52003TA70ZT

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

73

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

20 mA

2097152 words

3

FLASH+SRAM

3,3/3.3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA73,10X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

2MX16

2M

-40 Cel

TIN LEAD

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B73

3.6 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

33554432 bit

2.7 V

STATIC RAM IS ORGANIZED AS 256K X 16; FLASH MEMORY IS ALSO ORGANIZED AS 4M X 8

e0

.0001 Amp

11.6 mm

70 ns

M36W832TE70ZA1S

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

2097152 words

3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

.8 mm

70 Cel

2MX16

2M

0 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

3.6 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

33554432 bit

2.7 V

SRAM IS ORGANISED AS 512K X 16

12 mm

TS28C17AP

STMicroelectronics

M27V401-250L1X

STMicroelectronics

M36W0R5020B0ZAQE

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

88

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

45 mA

2097152 words

1.8

FLASH+SRAM

1.8

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA88,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

2MX16

2M

-40 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B88

1.95 V

1.2 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

33554432 bit

1.7 V

SRAM IS ORGANIZED AS 256K X 16

e1

.00005 Amp

10 mm

70 ns

LRI64-MBTG/1GE

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

8

VSON

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

NO LEAD

ASYNCHRONOUS

64 words

1

SMALL OUTLINE, VERY THIN PROFILE

.5 mm

85 Cel

64X1

64

-20 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-N8

3 V

.6 mm

2 mm

Not Qualified

64 bit

1.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

3 mm

NAND512W4M5AZC5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

TS71190AE

STMicroelectronics

NAND256R3M5CZC5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

1.8

FLASH+SDRAM

1.8

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

NAND01GW4M4CZC5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

M36DR432A120ZA6C

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

40 mA

2097152 words

FLASH+SRAM

1.8/2

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA66,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

2MX16

2M

-40 Cel

TIN LEAD

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

2.2 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

33554432 bit

1.65 V

THE DEVICE ALSO CONTAINS A 4 MBIT (256K X16) SRAM

e0

12 mm

120 ns

M36W0R6050B1ZAQE

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

88

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

4194304 words

1.8

FLASH+PSRAM

1.8

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA88,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

4MX16

4M

-30 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B88

1.95 V

1.2 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

67108864 bit

1.7 V

PSRAM IS ORGANIZED AS 2M X 16

e1

10 mm

70 ns

IMSB418-10

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

UNSPECIFIED

UNSPECIFIED

NO

1

CMOS

UNSPECIFIED

SYNCHRONOUS

262144 words

5

8

MICROELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY

50 Cel

256KX8

256K

0 Cel

UNSPECIFIED

X-XXMA-X

5.25 V

Not Qualified

2097152 bit

4.75 V

M36W108AB100ZN6T

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

48

VLGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BUTT

ASYNCHRONOUS

40 mA

1048576 words

FLASH+SRAM

3/3.3

8

GRID ARRAY, VERY THIN PROFILE

LGA48,6X8,40

Other Memory ICs

1 mm

85 Cel

1MX8

1M

-40 Cel

TIN LEAD

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B48

3.6 V

1 mm

9.8 mm

Not Qualified

8388608 bit

2.7 V

ALSO CONTAINS 128K X 8 SRAM

e0

11.8 mm

100 ns

M36DR432A120ZA6CT

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

66

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

HYBRID

BALL

40 mA

FLASH+SRAM

1.8/2

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA66,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

Not Qualified

e0

120 ns

NAND256W3M4CZC5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

NAND512W3M2AZB5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

137

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA137,10X15,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B137

Not Qualified

M36L0R7050T0ZAQT

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

88

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

47 mA

8388608 words

1.8

FLASH+PSRAM

1.8

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA88,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

8MX16

8M

-25 Cel

TIN LEAD

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B88

1.95 V

1.2 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

134217728 bit

1.7 V

PSRAM IS ORGANIZED AS 2M X 16

e0

.00007 Amp

10 mm

M36W0T7050T0ZAQ

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

88

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

8388608 words

FLASH+PSRAM

1.8,3/3.3

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA88,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

8MX16

8M

-30 Cel

TIN LEAD

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B88

2 V

1.2 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

134217728 bit

1.7 V

PSRAM IS ORGANIZED AS 2M X 16

e0

10 mm

70 ns

M36W432T85ZA6T

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

20 mA

2097152 words

3

FLASH+SRAM

3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA66,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

2MX16

2M

-40 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

3.3 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

33554432 bit

2.7 V

STATIC RAM IS ORGANIZED AS 256K X 16

e1

12 mm

85 ns

M36W216T100ZA1T

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

1048576 words

3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

.8 mm

70 Cel

1MX16

1M

0 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

3.3 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

16777216 bit

2.7 V

ALSO CONTAINS 128K X 16 SRAM

12 mm

PSD8131V70J1T

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

54

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

J BEND

CHIP CARRIER

QUAD

S-PQCC-J54

Not Qualified

M28F221-90N1

STMicroelectronics

NAND01GR4M0CZB5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

107

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

1.8

FLASH+SDRAM

1.8

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA107,10X14,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B107

Not Qualified

M36W108B120ZM1T

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

48

LBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

1048576 words

8

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE

1 mm

70 Cel

1MX8

1M

0 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B48

3.6 V

1.35 mm

9.8 mm

Not Qualified

8388608 bit

2.7 V

ALSO CONTAINS 128K X 8 SRAM

11.8 mm

M36W416BG85ZA1T

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

20 mA

1048576 words

3

FLASH+SRAM

3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA66,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

70 Cel

1MX16

1M

0 Cel

Tin/Silver/Copper (Sn95.5Ag4.0Cu0.5)

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

3.3 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

16777216 bit

2.7 V

STATIC RAM ORGANISED AS 256K X 16

e1

.00001 Amp

12 mm

85 ns

NAND256R4M2AZC5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

137

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

1.8

FLASH+SDRAM

1.8

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA137,10X15,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B137

Not Qualified

NAND256W4M4AZB5F

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

M28F201-150XP1R

STMicroelectronics

M23256AF1

STMicroelectronics

NAND01GW3M0BZB5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

107

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA107,10X14,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B107

Not Qualified

M28F201-200XP1R

STMicroelectronics

M36W0T7050B0ZAQE

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

88

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

8388608 words

FLASH+PSRAM

1.8,3/3.3

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA88,8X12,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

8MX16

8M

-30 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B88

2 V

1.2 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

134217728 bit

1.7 V

PSRAM IS ORGANIZED AS 2M X 16

e1

10 mm

70 ns

Z8038AC1V

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

44

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

J BEND

ASYNCHRONOUS

250 mA

128 words

5

5

8

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC44,.7SQ

FIFOs

1.27 mm

70 Cel

128X8

128

0 Cel

TIN LEAD

QUAD

S-PQCC-J44

5.25 V

4.7 mm

6 MHz

16.5862 mm

Not Qualified

1024 bit

4.75 V

e0

16.5862 mm

NAND01GW4M3AZB5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

3

FLASH+SDRAM

3

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

LR164-W42XX

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

8

RECTANGULAR

UNSPECIFIED

YES

NO LEAD

SMALL OUTLINE

DUAL

R-XDSO-N8

Not Qualified

M36W832T85ZA1

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

2097152 words

3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

.8 mm

70 Cel

2MX16

2M

0 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

3.3 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

33554432 bit

2.7 V

ALSO CONTAINS 512K X 16 SRAM

12 mm

SR31ZD38

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

M36W216B85ZA1

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

66

LFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

1048576 words

3

16

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

.8 mm

70 Cel

1MX16

1M

0 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B66

3.3 V

1.4 mm

8 mm

Not Qualified

16777216 bit

2.7 V

ALSO CONTAINS 128K X 16 SRAM

12 mm

NAND512R4M5BZB5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL EXTENDED

149

TFBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

BALL

ASYNCHRONOUS

33554432 words

1.8

FLASH+SDRAM

1.8

16

GRID ARRAY, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

32MX16

32M

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

1.95 V

1.2 mm

10 mm

Not Qualified

536870912 bit

1.7 V

LPSDRAM IS ORGANISED AS 16M X 16

40

260

13.5 mm

NAND01GR4M4CZC5E

STMicroelectronics

MEMORY CIRCUIT

OTHER

149

FBGA

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BALL

1.8

FLASH+SDRAM

1.8

GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH

BGA149,12X16,32

Other Memory ICs

.8 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B149

Not Qualified

Other Function Memory ICs

Other function memory ICs are a group of integrated circuits that perform specialized functions in addition to storing data. These ICs are used in a wide range of digital devices, including computers, smartphones, and electronic devices.

One example of an other function memory IC is cache memory. Cache memory is a type of memory that stores frequently accessed data and instructions. Cache memory is used to improve the performance of the system by reducing the time it takes to access data from the main memory.

Another example of an other function memory IC is dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). DRAM is a type of memory that stores data as a charge in a capacitor. DRAM is commonly used as the main memory in computers and other digital devices.

Static random-access memory (SRAM) is another type of other function memory IC. SRAM is a type of memory that stores data as a flip-flop, which retains the data as long as power is supplied to the system. SRAM is commonly used as cache memory and in other applications where high-speed access to data is required.

Memory controller ICs are another type of other function memory IC. Memory controller ICs are used to manage the flow of data between the CPU and the memory subsystem. These ICs are commonly used in computer systems and other digital devices to ensure that data is transferred efficiently and reliably.