Samsung Power Field Effect Transistors (FET) 1,134

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Polarity or Channel Type Configuration Surface Mount Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs) Maximum Collector Current (IC) Package Body Material Transistor Application Maximum Rise Time (tr) Maximum VCEsat Minimum DS Breakdown Voltage Terminal Form Package Shape Operating Mode No. of Elements Highest Frequency Band Maximum Pulsed Drain Current (IDM) Avalanche Energy Rating (EAS) Maximum Fall Time (tf) Maximum Drain Current (Abs) (ID) Nominal Turn Off Time (toff) No. of Terminals Package Style (Meter) Sub-Category Field Effect Transistor Technology Maximum Power Dissipation Ambient Minimum DC Current Gain (hFE) Maximum Operating Temperature Transistor Element Material Maximum Turn On Time (ton) Minimum Operating Temperature Maximum Turn Off Time (toff) Maximum Gate-Emitter Threshold Voltage Terminal Finish Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance Maximum Drain Current (ID) Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Case Connection Qualification Additional Features JEDEC-95 Code JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Nominal Turn On Time (ton) Maximum Feedback Capacitance (Crss) Reference Standard

IRFR9111

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

80 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3.2 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

1.2 ohm

3.2 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

Not Qualified

IRF614

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

36 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

250 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.7 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

2 ohm

2.8 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRLS540A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

44 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

17 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

17 A

IRF333

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

75 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

4.5 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

4.5 A

e0

IRF614A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

40 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

250 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

8.5 A

49 mJ

2.8 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

2 ohm

2.8 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFU311

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

350 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

1.7 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

3.6 ohm

1.7 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRFS450

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

96 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

500 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

9 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.4 ohm

9 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFR9020

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

42 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

40 A

440 mJ

9.9 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

42 W

150 Cel

SILICON

.28 ohm

9.9 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

Not Qualified

IRF750A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

156 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

400 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

60 A

1157 mJ

15 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.3 ohm

15 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFS231

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

150 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.4 ohm

6.2 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-G3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFU014

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

33 A

1.4 mJ

7.7 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

25 W

150 Cel

SILICON

67 ns

53 ns

.2 ohm

8.2 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRFS343

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

350 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.8 ohm

5.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-G3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFZ30

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

75 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

120 A

19 mJ

30 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

90 W

175 Cel

SILICON

131 ns

133 ns

.05 ohm

30 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRF322

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

50 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.8 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

2.8 A

e0

IRFU214

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

250 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.2 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

2 ohm

2.2 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRFS9143

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

60 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.3 ohm

10.4 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-G3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRL520A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

49 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

32 A

112 mJ

9.2 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

.22 ohm

9.2 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

TO-220AB

IRFU130A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

41 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

52 A

225 mJ

13 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.11 ohm

13 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRF633

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

75 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

150 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

32 A

170 mJ

8 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

75 W

150 Cel

SILICON

80 ns

90 ns

TIN LEAD

.6 ohm

8 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

e0

IRFU9010

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

21 A

240 mJ

5.3 A

3

IN-LINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

25 W

150 Cel

SILICON

80 ns

79 ns

.5 ohm

5.3 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRFS9642

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

40 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

36 A

120 mJ

5 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

40 W

150 Cel

SILICON

45 ns

30 ns

.7 ohm

5 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRLR010

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

27 A

6.7 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

25 W

150 Cel

SILICON

70 ns

90 ns

.3 ohm

6.7 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

IRLSZ20

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.15 ohm

10.3 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

TO-220AB

IRFS821

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

30 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

450 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

3 ohm

2.1 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFS450A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

96 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

500 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

39 A

1024 mJ

9.6 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.4 ohm

9.6 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFS442

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

500 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

1.1 ohm

4.8 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-G3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFS241

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

83 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

150 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

12.5 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.18 ohm

12.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFS830A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

38 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

500 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

12 A

374 mJ

3.1 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

1.5 ohm

3.1 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFS842

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

40 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

500 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

28 A

161 mJ

4 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

40 W

150 Cel

SILICON

56 ns

104 ns

1.1 ohm

4 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFU9014

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

21 A

240 mJ

5.1 A

3

IN-LINE

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

25 W

150 Cel

SILICON

80 ns

79 ns

.5 ohm

5.3 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRFSZ45

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

65 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

100 A

48 mJ

30 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

65 W

150 Cel

SILICON

242 ns

205 ns

.035 ohm

30 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFP322

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

40 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.5 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

2.5 A

IRFSZ40

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

48 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

50 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

120 A

48 mJ

28 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

65 W

150 Cel

SILICON

242 ns

205 ns

.028 ohm

28 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRF9610

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

20 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

200 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

7 A

110 mJ

1.8 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

20 W

150 Cel

SILICON

40 ns

30 ns

3 ohm

1.75 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFS153

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

80 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.08 ohm

23.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-G3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRFP342

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

150 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

400 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

33 A

520 mJ

8.4 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

125 W

150 Cel

SILICON

62 ns

111 ns

.8 ohm

8.3 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

IRFR230A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

YES

50 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

200 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

30 A

150 mJ

7.5 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.4 ohm

7.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

DRAIN

Not Qualified

IRFZ45

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

150 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

190 A

53 mJ

35 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 W

175 Cel

SILICON

242 ns

205 ns

TIN LEAD

.035 ohm

35 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

e0

IRFS740

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

40 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

400 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

40 A

157 mJ

5.5 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

40 W

150 Cel

SILICON

62 ns

111 ns

.55 ohm

5.4 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFP432

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

75 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

500 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

16 A

280 mJ

4 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

75 W

150 Cel

SILICON

40 ns

76 ns

2 ohm

4 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

IRLSZ44

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.04 ohm

23 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

TO-220AB

IRLSZ14

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

3

FLANGE MOUNT

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

SILICON

.3 ohm

6.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

LOGIC LEVEL COMPATIBLE

TO-220AB

IRLU230A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

48 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

200 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

26 A

37 mJ

7.5 A

3

IN-LINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

.4 ohm

7.5 A

SINGLE

R-PSIP-T3

Not Qualified

IRF9Z24

Samsung

P-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

60 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

60 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

39 A

4.2 mJ

11 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

Other Transistors

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

40 W

150 Cel

SILICON

98 ns

56 ns

.28 ohm

9.7 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

Not Qualified

TO-220AB

IRFS550A

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE

NO

46 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

THROUGH-HOLE

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

84 A

588 mJ

21 A

3

FLANGE MOUNT

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

175 Cel

SILICON

.04 ohm

21 A

SINGLE

R-PSFM-T3

ISOLATED

Not Qualified

IRF443

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

NO

125 W

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

7 A

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

7 A

e0

IRFR211

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

150 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

2.7 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

150 Cel

SILICON

1.5 ohm

2.7 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

Not Qualified

IRFR110

Samsung

N-CHANNEL

SINGLE

YES

25 W

PLASTIC/EPOXY

SWITCHING

100 V

GULL WING

RECTANGULAR

ENHANCEMENT MODE

1

17 A

13 mJ

4.3 A

2

SMALL OUTLINE

FET General Purpose Power

METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

25 W

150 Cel

SILICON

47 ns

42 ns

.54 ohm

4.7 A

SINGLE

R-PSSO-G2

Not Qualified

Power Field Effect Transistors (FET)

Power Field Effect Transistors (FET) are electronic devices used in power electronics to control and switch high current and voltage levels. They are commonly used in applications such as motor drives, power supplies, and switching regulators.

The Power FET is a three-terminal device that works by controlling the flow of majority charge carriers (electrons or holes) between the source and drain regions through a gate electrode. The gate electrode is insulated from the channel region by a thin oxide layer, which can be controlled by applying a voltage to the gate terminal. When a voltage is applied to the gate electrode, it creates an electric field that modifies the conductivity of the channel, allowing current to flow between the source and drain.

Power FETs are designed to handle high current and voltage levels, and have a low on-resistance and high switching speed. They are typically used in applications that require efficient and precise control of power, such as motor drives and power supplies.

Power FETs are available in various types and configurations, including N-channel and P-channel FETs, and can handle power levels ranging from a few watts to several kilowatts. They are subject to various standards and regulations, such as UL (Underwriters Laboratories) and CE (Conformité Européenne), to ensure their safety and performance.